https://mindamas.com/index.php/atikan/issue/feed ATIKAN 2026-08-05T01:56:50+00:00 Andi Suwirta suciandi@upi.edu Open Journal Systems <p><strong><em>ATIKAN: Jurnal Kajian Pendidikan (Journal of Educational Studies). </em></strong>This journal, with e-ISSN 2714-6243 and p-ISSN 2088-1290, was firstly published on June 1, 2011, in the context to commemorate the Birthday of <em>Pancasila</em>'s Name in Indonesia. Since issue of June 2012 to December 2014, the <strong><em>ATIKAN </em></strong>journal was organized by the Lecturers of FKIP UNSUR (Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, Suryakancana University) in Cianjur; and, since issue of December 2014 to June 2015, by the Lecturers of FPOK UPI (Faculty of Sport and Health Education, Indonesia University of Education) in Bandung; and published by Minda Masagi Suci Foundation as a publisher owned by ASPENSI (International Association for Historians and History Educators) in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.</p> <p>The articles published in<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong><em>ATIKAN </em></strong>journal are able to be written in English as well as in Indonesian and Malay languages. This journal is published twice a year i.e. every June and December. The <em><strong>ATIKAN</strong></em> journal is dedicated not only for Indonesian scholars who concern about educational studies, but also welcome to the scholars of Southeast Asian countries and around the world who care and share related to the educational studies in general. </p> <p>The <strong><em>ATIKAN</em></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><em> </em></span>journal<em> </em>is devoted, but not limited to, primary education, secondary education, higher education, teacher education, special education, adult education, non-formal education, and any new development and advancement in the field of education. The scope of our journal includes: (1) Language and literature education; (2) Social science education; (3) Sports and health education; (4) Economy and business education; (5) Math and natural science education; (6) Vocational and engineering education; and (7) Visual arts, dance, music, and design education.</p> <p>Since early 2016, the website of <strong><em>ATIKAN</em></strong> journal has been migrated towards the web based on OJS (Open Journal System) program at: <strong><a href="https://mindamas.com/index.php/atikan/management/settings/context//index.php/atikan">www.journals.mindamas.com/index.php/atikan</a></strong>. However, the conventional e-mail address for sending the articles is still able to: <a href="https://mindamas.com/index.php/atikan/management/settings/context/mailto:atikan.jurnal@gmail.com">atikan.jurnal@gmail.com</a> and <a href="https://mindamas.com/index.php/atikan/management/settings/context/mailto:mindamas.journals@gmail.com">mindamas.journals@gmail.com</a></p> https://mindamas.com/index.php/atikan/article/view/19 Perception of Public Primary School Teachers towards Child Abuse Reporting Practices 2026-08-04T09:23:10+00:00 Deborah Chidubem Adamu adamuchidubemdeborah@gmail.com <p><strong><em>ABSTRACT: </em></strong><em>The study determined the perception of teachers on child abuse reporting practices in public primary schools in Alimosho Local Government Area of Lagos State, Nigeria. Cross-sectional survey research design was adopted in the study. Multi-stage sampling technique was used in the study; in all, six public primary schools were selected; and teachers in primary one to Primary six made up the sample for the study. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0. Result showed that majority (84.8%) of the teachers exhibited favourable perception while only 15.25 exhibited unfavourable perception towards child abuse reporting practices in the study area. Result showed also that there was a negative significant relationship (with r = - 0.254 at p-value of 0.000) between teachers’ perception and child abuse reporting practices in public primary schools in the study area. It was recommended that regular </em><em>training on child abuse should be organised and conducted by the school management and government to improve teachers’ perception towards child abuse reporting practices.<br></em><strong><em>KEY WORD: </em></strong><em>Child Abuse; Reporting Practices; Perception; Public Primary School Teachers.</em><em>&nbsp;</em></p> <p><strong><em>RINGKASAN:</em></strong> <em>“Persepsi Guru Sekolah Dasar Negeri terhadap Praktik Pelaporan Kekerasan terhadap Anak”. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui persepsi guru tentang praktik pelaporan kekerasan terhadap anak di Sekolah Dasar Negeri di Wilayah Pemerintahan Lokal Alimosho, Negara Bagian Lagos, Nigeria. Desain penelitian survei potong lintang diadopsi dalam studi ini. Teknik pengambilan sampel bertahap digunakan dalam penelitian ini; secara keseluruhan, enam Sekolah Dasar Negeri dipilih; dan guru di kelas satu hingga kelas enam membentuk sampel untuk penelitian ini. Data dianalisis menggunakan statistik deskriptif dan inferensial melalui Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) versi 22.0. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mayoritas (84,8%) guru menunjukkan persepsi yang baik, sedangkan hanya 15,25% yang menunjukkan persepsi yang kurang baik terhadap praktik pelaporan pelecehan anak di wilayah studi. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan negatif yang signifikan (dengan r = -0,254 pada nilai p 0,000) antara persepsi guru dan praktik pelaporan pelecehan anak di Sekolah Dasar Negeri di wilayah studi. Direkomendasikan bahwa pelatihan rutin tentang pelecehan anak harus diselenggarakan dan dilakukan oleh manajemen sekolah dan pemerintah untuk meningkatkan persepsi guru terhadap praktik pelaporan pelecehan anak.<br></em><strong><em>KATA KUNCI:</em></strong> <em>Pelecehan Anak; Praktik Pelaporan; Persepsi; Guru Sekolah Dasar Negeri.</em></p> <p><em>===</em></p> <p><strong><em>About the Author:</em></strong> <strong>Deborah Chidubem Adamu</strong> is a Faculty Member at the Department of Educational Leadership and Management, Faculty of Education, University of Johannesburg, South Africa. E-mail address: <a href="mailto:adamuchidubemdeborah@gmail.com">adamuchidubemdeborah@gmail.com</a></p> <p><strong><em>Suggested Citation:</em></strong> Adamu, Deborah Chidubem. (2026). “Perception of Public Primary School Teachers towards Child Abuse Reporting Practices” in <em>ATIKAN: Jurnal Kajian Pendidikan</em>, Volume 16(1), Juni, pp.1-14. Bandung, Indonesia: Minda Masagi Suci Foundation dan ASPENSI (Asosiasi Sejarawan dan Pendidik Sejarah Internasional) with print-ISSN 2088-1290 and online-ISSN 2714-6243.</p> <p><em><strong>Article Timeline: </strong></em>Accepted (21 April 2026); Revised (20 Mei 2026); Published (30 Juni 2026).</p> 2026-08-05T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2026 ATIKAN https://mindamas.com/index.php/atikan/article/view/20 Transformasi Pendidikan di Brunei Darussalam, 1914 – 2020: Penelitian Sepintas Lalu 2026-08-04T11:19:56+00:00 Haji Awang Asbol bin Haji Mail asbol.mail@ubd.edu.bn Roziana binti Haji Mahmud asbol.mail@ubd.edu.bn Ampuan Haji Brahim bin Ampuan Haji Tengah asbol.mail@ubd.edu.bn <p><strong><em>RINGKASAN: </em></strong><em>Negara Brunei Darussalam telah banyak mengalami transformasi pendidikan, yang diawali dengan pendidikan balai hingga sekarang. Sistem pendidikan balai tahap demi tahap kemudiannya diganti oleh pendidikan formal dengan kewujudan sekolah Melayu, Inggeris, dan Agama. Pendidikan sentiasa berubah dan berkembang dari Sekolah Rendah ke peringkat pengajian tinggi dalam bidang sains sosial, teknikal dan vokasional, serta agama. Perkembangan dan perubahan ini diselaraskan dengan pembentukan dasar-dasar Pendidikan, yang bermula pada tahun 1954. Dasar ini penting kepada mencapai matlamat pendidikan bagi melahirkan sumber tenaga manusia berkemahiran yang diperlukan dalam pembangunan negara, di samping mencapai Wawasan 2035. Perubahan ini juga mesti selari dengan konsep MIB (Melayu Islam Beraja) agar pencapaian pendidikan Negara Brunei Darussalam terus cemerlang. Dengan itu pula rakyatnya akan terus menikmati kesejahteraan, keamanan, dan kebahagiaan, bukan sahaja di dunia tetapi juga di alam akhirat.<br></em><strong><em>KATA KUNCI:</em></strong> <em>Islam; Pendidikan; Transformasi; Melayu Islam Beraja; Brunei Darussalam.</em><em>&nbsp;</em></p> <p><strong><em>ABSTRACT:</em></strong> <em>“Educational Transformation in Brunei Darussalam, 1914 – 2020: A Brief Review”. Brunei Darussalam has experienced many educational transformations, starting with “balai” education until now. The “balai” education system was gradually replaced by formal education with the existence of Malay, English, and Religious schools. Education is constantly changing and developing from Primary School to higher education in the fields of social sciences, technical and vocational, and religion. These developments and changes are coordinated with the formation of Education policies, which began in 1954. These policies are important to achieving the goal of education to produce skilled human resources needed in national development, in addition to achieving Vision 2035. These changes must also be in line with the MIB (Malay Islamic Monarchy) concept so that Brunei Darussalam's educational achievements continue to excel. With that, its people will continue to enjoy prosperity, peace, and happiness, not only in this world but also in the hereafter.<br></em><strong><em>KEY WORD:</em></strong> <em>Islam; Education; Transformation; Malay Islamic Monarchy; Brunei Darussalam.</em></p> <p><em>===</em></p> <p><strong><em>About the Authors:</em></strong> <strong>Prof. Dr. Haji Awang Asbol bin Haji Mail</strong>, <strong>Dr.</strong> <strong>Roziana binti Haji Mahmud </strong>dan<strong> Prof. Dr. Ampuan Haji Brahim bin Ampuan Haji Tengah </strong>ialah Pensyarah di APB UBD (Akademi Pengajian Brunei, Universiti Brunei Darussalam), Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE 1410, Negara Brunei Darussalam. Alamat emel: <a href="mailto:asbol.mail@ubd.edu.bn">asbol.mail@ubd.edu.bn</a></p> <p><strong><em>Suggested Citation:</em></strong> Mail, Haji Awang Asbol bin Haji, Roziana binti Haji Mahmud &amp; Ampuan Haji Brahim bin Ampuan Haji Tengah. (2026). “Transformasi Pendidikan di Brunei Darussalam, 1914 – 2020: Penelitian Sepintas Lalu” dalam <em>ATIKAN: Jurnal Kajian Pendidikan</em>, Volume 16(1), Juni, pp.15-42. Bandung, Indonesia: Minda Masagi Suci Foundation dan ASPENSI (Asosiasi Sejarawan dan Pendidik Sejarah Internasional) with print-ISSN 2088-1290 and online-ISSN 2714-6243.</p> <p><strong><em>Article Timeline:</em></strong> Accepted (1 April 2026); Revised (2 Mei 2026); Published (30 Juni 2026).</p> 2026-08-05T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2026 ATIKAN https://mindamas.com/index.php/atikan/article/view/21 Proklamasi dan Pemasyhuran Kemerdekaan di Indonesia dan Tanah Melayu dalam Buku Sejarah Indonesia SMA Kelas XI dan Buku Teks Sejarah Malaysia Tingkatan 4 2026-08-04T11:59:02+00:00 Muhamad Farrid p106433@siswa.ukm.edu.my Andi Suwirta suciandi@upi.edu Abdul Razaq Ahmad p106433@siswa.ukm.edu.my <p><strong><em>RINGKASAN: </em></strong><em>Kertas konsep ini membincangkan detik-detik, kronologi, serta cerita di sebalik Pemasyhuran Kemerdekaan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu dan Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia. Kaedah perbincangan ini adalah secara kajian kepustakaan atau studi pustaka. Rujukan utama adalah bersandarkan buku teks “Sejarah Malaysia Tingkatan 4” dan buku “Sejarah Indonesia SMA [Sekolah Menengah Atas] Kelas XI”, serta rujukan daripada bahan bacaan yang relevan. Dapatan menunjukkan adanya perbezaan ketara kronologi dan rentetan ke arah kemerdekaan </em><em>kedua-dua buah negara. Pemasyhuran Kemerdekaan Malaysia dilihat lebih terancang dan diraikan dengan penuh gilang-gemilang berbanding Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia. Walau bagaimanapun, peranan tokoh atau individu dalam negara, seperti Tunku Abdul Rahman dan Soekarno, begitu signifikan dalam usaha kedua-dua buah negara ke arah mencapai kemerdekaan.<br></em><strong><em>KATA KUNCI: </em></strong><em>Pemasyhuran Kemerdekaan; Tanah Melayu dan Indonesia; Naratif Sejarah; Peran Tokoh dalam Sejarah.</em><em>&nbsp;</em></p> <p><strong><em>ABSTRACT: </em></strong><em>“Proclamation and Declaration of Independence in Indonesia and Malaya in the Indonesian History Book for Senior High School Class XI and the Malaysian History Textbook for Form 4”. This concept paper discusses the moments, chronology, and stories behind the Proclamation of Independence of the Federation of Malaya and the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence. The method of this discussion is a library study or library study. The main reference is based on the textbook "Malaysian History Form 4" and the book "Indonesian History SMA [Senior High School] Class XI", as well as references from relevant reading materials. The findings show that there are significant differences in the chronology and sequence towards independence of the two countries. The Proclamation of Malaysian Independence is seen to be more planned and celebrated with great pomp compared to the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence. However, the role of figures or individuals in the country, such as Tunku Abdul Rahman and Soekarno, was very significant in the efforts of both countries towards achieving independence.<br></em><strong><em>KEY WORD:</em></strong> <em>Proclamation of Independence; Malaya and Indonesia; Historical Narrative; Role of Figures in History.</em></p> <p><em>===</em></p> <p><strong><em>About the Authors:</em></strong> <strong>Muhamad Farrid</strong> ialah Alumni Pelajar Sarjana Pendidikan Sejarah, Fakulti Pendidikan UKM (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia); <strong>Dr.</strong> <strong>Andi Suwirta, M.Hum.</strong> ialah Pensyarah Kanan Jabatan Pendidikan Sejarah FPIPS UPI (Fakulti Pendidikan Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial, Universiti Pendidikan Indonesia) di Bandung; dan <strong>Prof. Dato Dr. Abdul Razaq Ahmad </strong>ialah Pensyarah Fakulti Pendidikan UKM di Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. Alamat emel: <a href="mailto:p106433@siswa.ukm.edu.my">p106433@siswa.ukm.edu.my</a></p> <p><strong><em>Suggested Citation:</em></strong> Farrid, Muhamad, Andi Suwirta &amp; Abdul Razaq Ahmad. (2026). “Proklamasi dan Pemasyhuran Kemerdekaan di Indonesia dan Tanah Melayu dalam Buku Sejarah Indonesia SMA Kelas XI dan Buku Teks Sejarah Malaysia Tingkatan 4” dalam <em>ATIKAN: Jurnal Kajian Pendidikan</em>, Volume 16(1), Juni, pp.43-60. Bandung, Indonesia: Minda Masagi Suci Foundation dan ASPENSI (Asosiasi Sejarawan dan Pendidik Sejarah Internasional) with print-ISSN 2088-1290 and online-ISSN 2714-6243.</p> <p><em><strong>Article Timeline: </strong></em>Accepted (17 April 2026); Revised (19 Mei 2026); Published (30 Juni 2026).</p> 2026-08-05T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2026 ATIKAN https://mindamas.com/index.php/atikan/article/view/22 Sejarah Penggunaan Dadah di Brunei 2026-08-04T12:09:46+00:00 Zulhilmi bin Haji Jaidin zulhilmi.jaidin@ubd.edu.bn <p><strong><em>RINGKASAN:</em></strong> <em>Setiap negara di dunia ini tidak terlepas dari menghadapi masalah penggunaan atau penyalahgunaan dadah, termasuklah Brunei Darussalam. Artikel ini dengan mengguna-pakai pendekatan kualitatif, kaedah sejarah, dan sorotan literatur mahukan menyentuh dan mengupas sejarah penggunaan dadah di Negara Brunei Darussalam. Penggunaan dadah di negara ini telah mula dicatatkan dalam Laporan Tahunan Brunei (Brunei Annual Report) pada tahun 1906. Pada tahun tersebut Brunei telah mengimport candu bernilai $6,480. Candu sangat diperlukan oleh tenaga buruh Cina yang bekerja di lombong-lombong arang batu. Setiap tahun, Brunei telah mengimport candu sehingga Kerajaan Residen British pada masa itu telah mengadakan Kedai Candu Kerajaan atau dikenali sebagai Pajak Candu. Disebabkan ramai orang yang menjadi ketagih dadah, enakmen candu diadakan sehingga akhirnya diwujudkan Akta Penyalahgunaan Dadah. Enakmen dan akta tersebut digubal bagi mengurangkan penagih dadah di negara ini. Sememangnya penyalahgunaan dadah adalah sukar untuk dicegah atau diatasi sepenuhnya, akan tetapi ia boleh dikurangkan dengan adanya pengawalan. Pengawalan dilakukan oleh pihak yang berwajib dan dibantu oleh masyarakat. Kawalan secara kolektif mampu mengurangkan penyalahgunaan dadah dari merebak dan berleluasa. Salah satu pengawalan yang dilakukan ialah dengan adanya akta. Di Brunei Darussalam, menyalahgunakan dadah merupakan suatu jenayah yang boleh dihukum mengikut Akta Penyalahgunaan Dadah Penggal 27.<br></em><strong><em>KATA KUNCI:</em></strong><em> Penggunaan dan Penyalahgunaan Dadah; Candu; Enakmen; Akta.</em><strong><em>&nbsp;</em></strong></p> <p><strong><em>ABSTRACT:</em></strong> <em>“History of Drug Use in Brunei”.</em> <em>Every country in this world never miss out from facing drug use or abuse problem, including Brunei Darussalam. This article, using a qualitative approach, historical methods, and literature review, seeks to touch upon and examine the history of drug use in Brunei Darussalam. Drug use in this country was first recorded in the Brunei Annual Report in 1906. In that year, Brunei imported opium worth $6,480. Opium is much needed by Chinese laborers who is working in a coal mines. Every year Brunei imported opium until the British Resident Government had established a Government Opium Shop or known as the Opium Tax. Due to many people becoming addicted to drugs, the opium enactment was held and eventually the Drug Abuse Act was enacted. The Enactment and act were made to reduce drug addicts in this country.</em> <em>Indeed, drug abuse is difficult to prevent or completely overcome, but it can be reduced with control. Control is carried out by the authorities and assisted by the community. Collective control is able to reduce drug abuse from spreading and becoming widespread. One of the controls carried out is through the existence of an act. In Brunei Darussalam, drug abuse is a crime punishable according to the Drug Abuse Act Chapter 27.<br></em><strong><em>KEY WORD:</em></strong><em> Use and Abuse of Drug; Opium; Enactment; Act.</em></p> <p><em>===</em></p> <p><strong><em>About the Author:</em></strong> <strong>Dr. Zulhilmi bin Haji Jaidin</strong> ialah Pensyarah di Akademi Pengajian Brunei UBD (Universiti Brunei Darussalam), Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE 1410, Negara Brunei Darussalam. Bagi urusan sebarang akademik, penulis boleh dihubungi dengan alamat emel: <a href="mailto:zulhilmi.jaidin@ubd.edu.bn">zulhilmi.jaidin@ubd.edu.bn</a></p> <p><strong><em>Suggested Citation:</em></strong> Jaidin, Zulhilmi bin Haji. (2026). “Sejarah Penggunaan Dadah di Brunei” dalam <em>ATIKAN: Jurnal Kajian Pendidikan</em>, Volume 16(1), Juni, pp.61-70. Bandung, Indonesia: Minda Masagi Suci Foundation dan ASPENSI (Asosiasi Sejarawan dan Pendidik Sejarah Internasional) with print-ISSN 2088-1290 and online-ISSN 2714-6243.</p> <p><em><strong>Article Timeline: </strong></em>Accepted (28 April 2026); Revised (29 Mei 2026); Published (30 Juni 2026).</p> 2026-08-05T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2026 ATIKAN https://mindamas.com/index.php/atikan/article/view/23 The Relationship between VR (Virtual Reality) Technology towards Citizenship Element: A Conceptual Paper 2026-08-04T12:16:03+00:00 Mohamad Azrin Rusdan azrinrusdan@gmail.com Shakila Che Dahalan azrinrusdan@gmail.com Yunus Sauman@Sabin azrinrusdan@gmail.com <p><strong><em>ABSTRACT: </em></strong><em>VR (Virtual Reality) technology is a new form of technological innovation that allows users to experience an experience that resembles real life. Meanwhile, the elements of citizenship are the characteristics that a citizen is supposed to have. This study aims to identify the influence of the use of VR technology on the element of citizenship through the teaching and learning of history subjects. This literature review of study, the elements of citizenship encompass: values of patriotism; feelings of belonging; loyalty and obedience to the law; national identity; and relationship with society. Besides that, through the literature studies that have been conducted, it has been found that there is an influence of the use of VR technology on the element of citizenship directly and indirectly. This study is important to provide a clearer picture of the influence of VR technology on the citizenship element and, in turn, can contribute to the latest technology that can be used in the field of education. <br /></em><strong><em>KEY WORD</em></strong><em>: </em><em>Virtual Reality Technology; Citizenship Element; History Education.</em><em> </em></p> <p><strong><em>RINGKASAN: </em></strong><em>“Hubungan antara Teknologi VR (Virtual Reality) terhadap Elemen Kewarganegaraan: Satu Kertas Konsep”. Teknologi VR merupakan satu bentuk inovasi teknologi baharu yang membolehkan pengguna merasai pengalaman yang menyerupai pengalaman sebenar dalam persekitaran maya yang dicipta. Manakala, elemen kewarganegaraan pula merupakan ciri-ciri yang ada seseorang warganegara. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan penggunaan teknologi VR terhadap elemen kewarganegaraan melalui pengajaran dan pembelajaran mata pelajaran sejarah. Melalui kajian-kajian literatur yang telah dijalankan pengkaji telah mendapati elemen kewarganegaraan dibahagikan kepada: nilai patriotism; perasaan kepunyaan; kesetiaan dan kepatuhan kepada undang-undang; identiti negara; dan hubungan dengan masyarakat. Kajian ini juga turut mendapati bahawa terdapat hubungan antara penggunaan teknologi VR terhadap elemen kewarganegaraan secara langsung dan juga secara tidak langsung. Kajian ini penting untuk memberi gambaran yang lebih jelas mengenai pengaruh teknologi VR terhadap elemen kewarganegaraan dan seterusnya dapat menyumbang satu lagi teknologi terkini yang boleh digunakan dalam bidang pendidikan.<br /></em><strong><em>KATA KUNCI</em></strong><em>: </em><em>Teknologi Virtual Reality; Elemen Kewarganegaraan; Pendidikan Sejarah.</em></p> <p><em>===</em></p> <p><strong><em>About the Authors:</em></strong> <strong>Mohamad Azrin Rusdan </strong>is a Ph.D. Student at the History Department, Faculty of Human Science UPSI (Sultan Idris Education University), 35900 Tanjung Malim, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia. <strong>Dr. Shakila Che Dahalan </strong>and <strong>Dr.</strong> <strong>Yunus Sauman@Sabin </strong>are the Lecturers at the Department of History, Faculty of Human Science UPSI. Corresponding Authors: <a href="https://mindamas.com/index.php/atikan/workflow/index/23/5/mailto:azrinrusdan@gmail.com">azrinrusdan@gmail.com</a></p> <p><strong><em>Suggested Citation:</em></strong> Rusdan, Mohamad Azrin, Shakila Che Dahalan &amp; Yunus Sauman@Sabin. (2026). “The Relationship between VR (Virtual Reality) Technology towards Citizenship Element: A Conceptual Paper” dalam <em>ATIKAN: Jurnal Kajian Pendidikan</em>, Volume 16(1), Juni, pp.71-94. Bandung, Indonesia: Minda Masagi Suci Foundation dan ASPENSI (Asosiasi Sejarawan dan Pendidik Sejarah Internasional) with print-ISSN 2088-1290 and online-ISSN 2714-6243.</p> <p><em><strong>Article Timeline: </strong></em>Accepted (17 April 2026); Revised (19 Mei 2026); Published (30 Juni 2026).</p> 2026-08-05T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2026 ATIKAN