SUSURGALUR

Historical Origins of Celebration of Valentine’s Day (Yawm al-Hubb/‘Eid ul-Hubb) and the Verdict of Islam

Kamal-deen Olawale Sulaiman — 2026-09-15

ABSTRACT: Many people are alleging Islam that is against love and because Muslims don’t celebrate Valentine’s Day. This article, therefore, intends to take a look at the historical background of the Valentine’s Day and examines the verdict of Islam on the reasons why Muslims are not celebrating Valentine Day and weather the it truly a day of love in the verdict of Islam. This research work is historical and analytical in nature. The existing available literatures on Islamic books, journals, Al-Hadith, the Glorious Qur’an, and research work related to the topic will be equally reviewed. The study revealed that Valentine’s Day is a pagan Roman festival, which continued to be celebrated until after the Romans became Christian. Therefore, celebrating this Day means resembling or imitating the pagan Romans, which is strictly forbidden in Islam. In Islam, the festivals are clearly defined and well established, and no additions or subtractions may be accepted. Also the festival promotes infatuation and sexual immorality. It also observes that the expression of feelings and emotions is not a justification for the Muslim to allocate a day for celebration in Islam. It concluded that in Islam, a husband loves his wife throughout the year, and he expresses that love towards her with gifts, in verse and in prose, in letters and in other ways.
KEY WORD: Celebration; Valentine’s Day; Islamic Verdict; Love; Festival.

IKHTISAR: “Asal-Usul Sejarah Perayaan Hari Valentine (Yawm al-Hubb/‘Eid ul-Hubb) dan Pandangan Hukum Islam”. Banyak pihak menuduh Islam menentang cinta karena umat Muslim tidak merayakan Hari Valentine. Oleh karena itu, artikel ini bertujuan untuk meninjau latar belakang sejarah Hari Valentine serta mengkaji pandangan hukum Islam mengenai alasan mengapa umat Muslim tidak merayakannya, dan apakah perayaan tersebut benar-benar merupakan hari kasih-sayang menurut perspektif Islam. Penelitian ini bersifat historis dan analitis. Berbagai literatur yang tersedia—meliputi buku-buku ke-Islam-an, jurnal, Hadis, Al-Qur'an, serta karya penelitian terkait topik ini—akan ditelaah secara menyeluruh. Studi ini mengungkapkan bahwa Hari Valentine merupakan festival pagan Romawi, yang terus dirayakan bahkan setelah bangsa Romawi memeluk agama Kristen. Dengan demikian, merayakan hal ini berarti menyerupai atau meniru kaum pagan Romawi, suatu tindakan yang dilarang keras dalam Islam. Dalam Islam, perayaan-perayaan telah ditetapkan secara jelas dan baku, sehingga tidak diperbolehkan adanya penambahan maupun pengurangan. Selain itu, festival ini mendorong munculnya rasa tergila-gila dan perilaku amoral seksual. Studi ini juga mencatat bahwa ekspresi perasaan dan emosi bukanlah alasan yang sah bagi seorang Muslim untuk mengkhususkan satu hari tertentu sebagai perayaan dalam Islam. Kesimpulannya, dalam Islam, seorang suami mencintai istrinya sepanjang tahun dan mengungkapkan cinta tersebut melalui pemberian hadiah, bait-bait puisi maupun prosa, surat-surat, serta berbagai cara lainnya.
KATA KUNCI: Perayaan; Hari Valentine; Pandangan Hukum Islam; Cinta; Festival.

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About the Author: Prof. Dr. Kamal-deen Olawale Sulaiman is a Lecturer at the Department of Religious Studies EKSU (Ekiti State University), P.M.B 5363, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. E-mail: kamaldeen.sulaiman@eksu.edu.ng

Suggested Citation: Sulaiman, Kamal-deen Olawale. (2026). “Historical Origins of Celebration of Valentine’s Day (Yawm al-Hubb/‘Eid ul-Hubb) and the Verdict of Islam” in SUSURGALUR: Jurnal Kajian Sejarah & Pendidikan Sejarah, Volume 14(2), September, pp.1-18. Bandung, Indonesia and Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam: MINDAMAS Foundation, ASPENSI, and PERSEBAR with ISSN 2302-5808 (print) and ISSN 2684-7388 (online).

Article Timeline: Accepted (July 10, 2026); Revised (August 24, 2026); and Published (September 15, 2026).

Pemerintah Wanita Kesultanan Alam Melayu (Abad ke-16 hingga ke-17 Masihi): Isu Mempertahankan Takhta

Nur Syazwani Md Suif — 2026-09-15

IKHTISAR: Wanita-wanita dalam Kesultanan Alam Melayu tradisional pada abad ke-16 hingga abad ke-17 Masihi memang terlibat dalam kegiatan politik negara. Hal ini boleh dilihat apabila mereka tergolong sebagai pemerintah. Dengan mengguna-pakai kaedah sejarah, pendekatan, dan analisis kualitatif, pengajian ini menunjukkan bahawa ketika berada ditampuk kuasa, mereka tidak dapat menghindarkan diri dari mengalami cabaran politik. Pemerintah-pemerintah wanita, seperti Raja Ijau dari Kerajaan Patani, Selatan Siam; Ratu Kalinyamat dari Kerajaan Kalinyamat, Jepara, Jawa Tengah; empat orang Sultanah Aceh dari tahun 1641 hingga 1699, iaitu Sultanah Safiyattuddin Taj al-Alam, Naqiyat al-Din Nur al-Alam, Zakiyat al-Din Inayat Syah, dan Kamalat Zainatuddin Shah; serta Cik Siti Wan Kembang dari Kerajaan Kelantan, Tanah Melayu melakukan dua strategi untuk mengatasi cabaran. Pertama, menggunakan tindakan agresif dengan menggunakan kekerasan sehingga musuh-musuhnya dapat dikalahkan. Kedua, memperalatkan strategi diplomasi dengan menggunakan pengaruh ulama dan hubungan luar melalui jalinan persahabatan yang erat. Ini menunjukkan bahawa wanita juga mempunyai karisma dalam mentadbir negara, di samping mampu menghadapi berbagai cabaran, biarpun mereka dipandang sebagai makhluk yang lemah.
KATA KUNCI: Wanita dan Sultanah; Cabaran dan Politik; Wibawa dan Takhta.

ABSTRACT: “Women Rulers of the Malay World Sultanate (16^th to 17^th Century AD): The Issue of Defending the Throne”. Women in the traditional Malay World Sultanate in the 16^th to 17^th century AD were indeed involved in the political activities of the country. This can be seen when they were classified as rulers. By using historical methods, approaches, and qualitative analysis, this study shows that when in power, they could not avoid experiencing political challenges. Women rulers, such as Raja Ijau of the Kingdom of Patani, Southern Thailand; Ratu Kalinyamat of the Kingdom of Kalinyamat, Jepara, Central Java; four Sultanahs of Aceh from 1641 to 1699, namely Sultanah Safiyattuddin Taj al-Alam, Naqiyat al-Din Nur al-Alam, Zakiyat al-Din Inayat Syah, and Kamalat Zainatuddin Shah; and Cik Siti Wan Kembang of the Kingdom of Kelantan, Malaya, used two strategies to overcome challenges. First, they used aggressive actions by using force so that their enemies could be defeated. Second, using diplomatic strategies by using the influence of scholars and external relations through close friendships. This shows that women also have charisma in governing the country, in addition to being able to face various challenges, even though they are seen as weak creatures.
KEY WORD: Women and Sultans; Challenges and Politics; Authority and Throne.

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About the Authors: Dr. Nur Syazwani Md Suif ialah Alumna Pelajar Ph.D. Sejarah pada FASS UBD (Fakulti Sastera dan Sains Sosial, Universiti Brunei Darussalam); Prof. Dr. Asbol Mail dan Prof. Dr. Brahim Tengah ialah Pensyarah pada FASS dan APB (Akademi Pengajian Brunei) UBD. Alamat emel Penulis: asbolm@gmail.com

Suggested Citation: Suif, Nur Syazwani Md, Asbol Mail & Brahim Tengah. (2026). “Pemerintah Wanita Kesultanan Alam Melayu (Abad ke-16 hingga ke-17 Masihi): Isu Mempertahankan Takhta” in SUSURGALUR: Jurnal Kajian Sejarah & Pendidikan Sejarah, Volume 14(2), September, pp.19-44. Bandung, Indonesia and Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam: MINDAMAS Foundation, ASPENSI, and PERSEBAR with ISSN 2302-5808 (print) and ISSN 2684-7388 (online).

Article Timeline: Accepted (27 July 2026); Revised (17 August 2026); and Published (15 September 2026).

Perkembangan Nasionalisme dan Perjuangan Kemerdekaan: Perbandingan Naratif dalam Buku Teks Sejarah SMA Kelas 11 di Indonesia dan Sejarah Tingkatan 4 di Malaysia

Huril-Ain Marinda Hussaini — 2026-09-15

IKHTISAR: Kertas ini membincangkan tentang kebangkitan semangat nasionalisme di Indonesia dan Tanah Melayu sehingga detik-detik ke arah kemerdekaan selepas tamatnya Perang Dunia Kedua (1939-1945). Dengan mengguna-pakai kaedah sejarah dan pendekatan kualitatif, kertas ini turut menyentuh pula analisis buku teks sejarah untuk sekolah menengah bersabit detik mencapai kemerdekaan dan peranan tokoh-tokoh kemerdekaan bagi kedua-dua negara, iaitu Indonesia dan Malaysia. Dapatan menunjukkan bahawa banyak pengajaran yang dapat dipelajari apabila melihat kesukaran yang perlu mereka tempuhi di sepanjang proses untuk mencapai kemerdekaan. Idea nasionalisme yang radikal diguna-pakai untuk memperolehi kemerdekaan di Indonesia secara revolusi. Manakala di Tanah Melayu, kemerdekaan diperolehi melalui rundingan dan bertolak-asur secara hemah dan damai. Walau bagaimanapun, kita harus menghargai kemerdekaan yang telah diperjuangkan, diperolehi, dan dinikmati pada hari ini untuk generasi akan datang.
KATA KUNCI: Nasionalisme; Kemerdekaan; Revolusi dan Diplomasi; Indonesia dan Malaysia.

ABSTRACT: “The Development of Nationalism and the Struggle for Independence: A Narrative Comparison in the History Textbooks of Grade 11 Senior High School in Indonesia and History for Level 4 in Malaysia”. This paper discusses the rise of nationalism in Indonesia and Malaya until the moments towards independence after the end of the Second World War (1939-1945). By using the history method and qualitative approach, this paper also touches on the analysis of history textbooks for secondary schools regarding the moment of achieving independence and the role of independence figures for both countries, namely Indonesia and Malaysia. The findings show that many lessons can be learned when looking at the difficulties they had to overcome throughout the process to achieve independence. The idea of ??radical nationalism was used to gain independence in Indonesia through revolution. Meanwhile, in Malaya, independence was obtained through negotiations and compromises in a gentle and peaceful manner. However, we must appreciate the independence that has been fought for, gained, and enjoyed today for future generations.
KEY WORD: Nationalism; Independence; Revolution and Diplomacy; Indonesia and Malaysia.

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About the Authors: Huril-Ain Marinda Hussaini ialah Alumna Pelajar Sarjana Pendidikan Sejarah, Fakulti Pendidikan UKM (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia); dan Guru SMK (Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan), Jalan Klang Banting, Pekan Telok, 42500 Telok Panglima Garang, Selangor, Malaysia. Dr. Andi Suwirta ialah Pensyarah Kanan pada Jabatan Pendidikan Sejarah FPIPS UPI (Fakulti Pendidikan Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial, Universiti Pendidikan Indonesia) di Bandung. Prof. Dato Dr. Abdul Razaq Ahmad ialah Pensyarah pada Fakulti Pendidikan UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. Alamat emel: huriel_ain@yahoo.com

Suggested Citation: Hussaini, Huril-Ain Marinda, Andi Suwirta & Abdul Razaq Ahmad. (2026). “Perkembangan Nasionalisme dan Perjuangan Kemerdekaan: Perbandingan Naratif dalam Buku Teks Sejarah SMA Kelas 11 di Indonesia dan Sejarah Tingkatan 4 di Malaysia” in SUSURGALUR: Jurnal Kajian Sejarah & Pendidikan Sejarah, Volume 14(2), September, hlm.45-72. Bandung, Indonesia dan Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam: MINDAMAS Foundation, ASPENSI, dan PERSEBAR with ISSN 2302-5808 (print) dan ISSN 2684-7388 (online).

Article Timeline: Accepted (July 27, 2026); Revised (Agustus 24, 2026); and Published (September 15, 2026).

Memandang Semula Laut dan Lautan ke Arah Menjadikan Malaysia sebuah Negara Maritim: Satu Penilaian Semula Sejarah Kelautan dan Doktrin BRI (Belt and Road Initiative)

Ismail Ali — 2026-09-15

IKHTISAR: Laut dan lautan merupakan satu tempat yang mempunyai kelebihannya tersendiri bagi menyatukan perhubungan di antara negara, membentuk semangat bersatu, saling memahami, serta menjana kekayaan. Dalam pensejarahan tradisional di Alam Melayu wujud hubungan erat di antara “manusia-pelaut” dengan laut-laut, seperti Laut China Selatan, Laut Sulu, Laut Sulawesi, Laut Flores, Laut Jawa, Laut Banda, dan sebagainya. Kemunculan doktrin BRI (Belt and Road Initiative), yang diperkenalkan oleh China pada 2013, nampaknya, telah memberi satu harapan baharu kepada laut dan lautan untuk dimartabatkan semula dan dijadikan agenda pembangunan. Justru itu, makalah ini – dengan mengguna-pakai kaedah sejarah, pendekatan kualitatif, dan sorotan literatur – bertujuan untuk membincangkan beberapa istilah, konsep, dan ruang lingkup dalam disiplin kelautan; kepentingan pensejarahan kelautan di rantau Asia Tenggara; sejauhmana doktrin BRI telah diberi perhatian serius oleh Malaysia untuk menuju kepada sebuah negara maritim; serta peluang dan tantangan yang dihadapi untuk merealisasikan misi dan visi Malaysia sebagai negara maritim.
KATA KUNCI: Memandang Semula Laut dan Lautan; Kepentingan Pensejarahan Maritim; Doktrin “Belt and Road Initiative”; Negara Maritim Malaysia.

ABSTRACT: “Revisiting the Seas and Oceans towards Making Malaysia a Maritime Nation: A Reassessment of Maritime History and the BRI (Belt and Road Initiative) Doctrine”. The seas and oceans are a place that has its own advantages in uniting relations between countries, forming a spirit of unity, mutual understanding, and generating wealth. In traditional historiography in the Malay World has been a close relationship between "seafarers" and the seas, such as the South China Sea, the Sulu Sea, the Sulawesi Sea, the Flores Sea, the Java Sea, the Banda Sea, and so on. The emergence of the BRI (Belt and Road Initiative) doctrine, which was introduced by China in 2013, seems to have given new hope to the seas and oceans to be re-evaluated and made a development agenda. Therefore, this paper – by using historical methods, qualitative approaches, and literature reviews – aims to discuss several terms, concepts, and scopes in the maritime discipline; the importance of maritime historiography in the Southeast Asian region; the extent to which the BRI doctrine has been given serious attention by Malaysia to move towards becoming a maritime nation; and the opportunities and challenges faced to realize Malaysia’s mission and vision as a maritime nation.
KEY WORD: Revisiting the Seas and Oceans; Importance of Maritime Historiography; Belt and Road Initiative’s Doctrine; Malaysia’s Maritime Nation.

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About the Author: Prof. Dr. Ismail Ali ialah Sejarawan Maritim Malaysia dan kini sebagai Dekan PPIB UMS (Pusat Penataran Ilmu dan Bahasa, Universiti Malaysia Sabah), Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. Alamat emel: ismailrc@ums.edu.my

Sugessted Citation: Ali, Ismail. (2026). “Memandang Semula Laut dan Lautan ke Arah Menjadikan Malaysia sebuah Negara Maritim: Satu Penilaian Semula Sejarah Kelautan dan Doktrin BRI (Belt and Road Initiative)” in SUSURGALUR: Jurnal Kajian Sejarah & Pendidikan Sejarah, Volume 14(2), September, pp.73-120. Bandung, Indonesia and Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam: MINDAMAS Foundation, ASPENSI, and PERSEBAR with ISSN 2302-5808 (print) dan ISSN 2684-7388 (online).

Article Timeline: Accepted (July 3, 2026); Revised (August 17, 2026); and Published (September 15, 2026).

An Historical Analysis of Imamship Tussles in Ekiti State Nigeria and Possible Solutions

Yisa Olorunda Balogun — 2026-09-15

ABSTRACT: The Muslims “ummah” (communities) today in most of the towns and villages in Ekiti State of Nigeria are divided, torn many Muslim communities apart and in a disarray as a result of many cases of “Imamship” (the position or function of an Imam) in the area. The aims and objectives of this study, therefore, are to analyze the causes and the effects of “Imamship” tussles in the area. And also narrate some of the problems encountered in the selection of Imams in in the area and the possible solutions were recommended. This research work is historical and analytical in nature. Narrative method shall be adopted for the study. Data and relevant information for the study were collected through oral and written sources. The paper revealed that, among the causes of the “Imamship” tussles in the area are: appointing one of the contestants to be Acting Imam and biased on the part of “Imamship” Committee. The paper recommended that, any contestant for Imam should not be appointed to be Acting Imam. Since he was a contestant to the position of Imam, he should have not been appointed to be an Acting Imam of the town. Also, “Imamship” Committees were biased, for instance, where some of the Committee members were supporters of one candidate or the other. Or where the result of the interview was known by the candidates and their followers before the announcement of the result before the Committee made official announcement.
KEY WORD: Contradictory; Subjugation; Imamship; Tussles; Committee.

IKHTISAR: “Analisis Historis mengenai Konflik Perebutan Jabatan Imam di Negara Bagian Ekiti, Nigeria, dan Kemungkinan Solusinya”. Saat ini, umat Muslim di sebagian besar kota dan desa di Negara Bagian Ekiti, Nigeria, mengalami perpecahan dan kekacauan akibat berbagai kasus konflik terkait jabatan Imam di wilayah tersebut. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penyebab dan dampak dari konflik perebutan jabatan Imam di wilayah tersebut, serta menguraikan permasalahan yang muncul dalam proses pemilihan Imam dan merekomendasikan solusi yang mungkin diterapkan. Penelitian ini bersifat historis dan analitis dengan menggunakan metode naratif. Data dan informasi yang relevan dikumpulkan melalui sumber-sumber lisan maupun tertulis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa beberapa penyebab konflik perebutan jabatan Imam di wilayah tersebut antara lain adalah penunjukan salah satu kandidat sebagai Penjabat Imam serta sikap tidak objektif (bias) dari Panitia Pemilihan Imam. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan agar kandidat calon Imam tidak ditunjuk sebagai Penjabat Imam. Sebab, kalau ia merupakan salah satu kandidat untuk jabatan tersebut, seharusnya ia tidak ditunjuk sebagai Penjabat Imam di kota itu. Selain itu, ditemukan adanya sikap bias pada Panitia Pemilihan Imam, misalnya ketika beberapa anggota Panitia merupakan pendukung salah satu kandidat, atau ketika hasil wawancara sudah diketahui oleh kandidat dan para pendukungnya sebelum Panitia mengeluarkan pengumuman resmi.
KATA KUNCI: Kontradiktif; Penundukan; Jabatan Imam; Konflik; Panitia.

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About the Author: Dr. Yisa Olorunda Balogun is a Senior Lecturer at the Department of Arts Education, Bamidele Olumilua University of Education, Science and Technology, Ikere-Ekiti, Nigeria. E-mail address: balogun.yisa@coeikere.edu.ng

Suggested Citation: Balogun, Yisa Olorunda. (2026). “An Historical Analysis of Imamship Tussles in Ekiti State Nigeria and Possible Solutions” in SUSURGALUR: Jurnal Kajian Sejarah & Pendidikan Sejarah, Volume 14(2), September, pp.121-136. Bandung, Indonesia and Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam: MINDAMAS Foundation, ASPENSI, and PERSEBAR with ISSN 2302-5808 (print) and ISSN 2684-7388 (online).

Article Timeline: Accepted (July 1, 2026); Revised (August 4, 2026); and Published (September 15, 2026).

Info-SUSURGALUR-edutainment for Issue of September 2026

Eti Setiawati — 2026-09-15

SUSURGALUR: Jurnal Kajian Sejarah & Pendidikan Sejarah (Journal of History Education & Historical Studies) will provide a peer-reviewed forum for the publication of thought-leadership articles, briefings, discussion, applied research, case and comparative studies, expert comment and analysis on the key issues surrounding the history education and historical studies in general and its various aspects. Analysis will be practical and rigorous in nature. The SUSURGALUR journal, with print ISSN 2302-5808 and online ISSN 2684-7388, was firstly published on March 24, 2013, in the context to commemorate the BLA (Bandung Lautan Api or Bandung a Sea of Flames)’s Day in Indonesia. Since issue of September 2013 to issue of March 2021, the SUSURGALUR journal has jointly been organized by the Lecturers of APB UBD (Academy of Brunei Studies, University of Brunei Darussalam) and the Lecturers of International and Historical Study Program FASS (Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences) UBD in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; and currently since issue of September 2026 to date organized by PERSEBAR (Brunei Historical Society) and published by MINDAMAS (Minda Masagi Suci) Foundation, owned by ASPENSI (International Association for Historians and History Educators) in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. This journal is published twice a year i.e. every March and September.

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Eti Setiawati, M.M.Pd.
Director of MINDAMAS (Minda Masagi Suci) Foundation in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia

Contents and Kata Aluan for SUSURGALUR Journal, Issue of September 2026

Mohd Rozan Mohd Yunus — 2026-09-15

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Dr. Haji Mohd Rozan bin Dato Paduka Haji Mohd Yunus
Penaung Kehormat Jurnal SUSURGALUR di Bandung; dan Presiden PERSEBAR (Persatuan Sejarah Brunei) di Bandar Seri Begawan, Negara Brunei Darussalam

Editors and Guidelines for SUSURGALUR Journal, Issue of September 2026

Andi Suwirta — 2026-09-15

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Dr. Andi SUWIRTA
Secretary-General of ASPENSI (International Association for Historians and History Educators) in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia